Report Chapter List Summary Findings and Overview Chapters About This Report Guide To This Report Chapter 1: Overview Chapter 2: Our Changing Climate Chapter 3: Water Chapter 4: Energy Supply, Delivery, and Demand Chapter 5: Land Cover and Land-Use Change Chapter 6: Forests Chapter 7: Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, and Biodiversity Chapter 8: Coastal Effects Chapter 9: Oceans and Marine Resources Chapter 10: Agriculture and Rural Communities Chapter 11: Built Environment, Urban Systems, and Cities Chapter 12: Transportation Chapter 13: Air Quality Chapter 14: Human Health Chapter 15: Tribes and Indigenous Peoples Chapter 16: Climate Effects on U.S. International Interests Chapter 17: Sector Interactions, Multiple Stressors, and Complex Systems Chapter 18: Northeast Chapter 19: Southeast Chapter 20: U.S. Caribbean Chapter 21: Midwest Chapter 22: Northern Great Plains Chapter 23: Southern Great Plains Chapter 24: Northwest Chapter 25: Southwest Chapter 26: Alaska Chapter 27: Hawai‘i and U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands Chapter 28: Reducing Risks Through Adaptation Actions Chapter 29: Reducing Risks Through Emissions Mitigation Appendix 1: Report Development Process Appendix 2: Information in the Fourth National Climate Assessment Appendix 3: Data Tools and Scenario Products Appendix 4: Looking Abroad: How Other Nations Approach a National Climate Assessment Appendix 5: Frequently Asked Questions